David Phillips

Yugoslavia’s 1974 constitution established Kosova as an autonomous province with the same rights as Yugoslavia’s republics, which included the right to secession. Kosovars exercised their constitutional right to secede in a 1992 referendum. Ethnic Albanians comprised about 95 percent of the population. Almost all eligible voters cast their ballots in favor of independence.

Slobodan Milosevic cracked down, declaring a state of emergency and imposing martial law in Kosova. By virtue of atrocities against Kosova’s ethnic Albanian super-majority, Serbia lost its legitimacy and moral authority to govern.

As a result, NATO intervened to stop the slaughter of Albanians in 1999. After Serbian forces withdrew, the UN Security Council (UNSC) adopted Resolution 1244 that established an interim UN administration in Kosova. It also required a plebiscite to determine Kosova’s future political status in accordance with the will of its people.

While UNSCR 1244 affirmed “the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY),” the FRY was reduced to a rump state consisting only of Serbia and Montenegro. When Montenegrins voted to secede, leaving only Serbia, the FRY ceased to exist and so did Kosova’s legal obligations.

Between adoption of UNSCR 1244 and Kosova’s declaration of independence on February 17, 2008, Kosova worked for 9 years to satisfy international criteria needed for recognition. It ran the gauntlet set out by the UN’s policy, “standards before status.”

The international community created a Contact Group, which included Russia. After two years of international mediation, the UN Special Envoy on Kosova’s Status, Martti Ahtisaari, submitted his final report to the UN Secretary General recommending independence for Kosova.

Since Kosova’s declaration of independence, 110 countries have recognized Kosova as a sovereign state and established diplomatic relations. More countries would have recognized Kosova, but for Russia’s heavy-handed diplomacy. The process of gaining international recognition is ongoing.

Russia’s attempt to draw parallels between Kosova and Crimea is convoluted. Kosova’s situation was unique (sui generis).

Yugoslavia collapsed, liberating Kosova from legal claims by Belgrade. Ukraine was recognized by the international community within its current borders, including Crimea, after the Soviet Union ceased to exist in 1991.

The scope and scale of human rights abuses against Albanians in Kosova was egregious. No pattern of human rights abuses exists in Crimea.

Crimea’s population is diverse, including ethnic Russians, Ukrainians, and Tartars. When NATO intervened, Kosova was more than 95 percent ethnic Albanian.

Kosova’s political leaders endorsed an extensive package of minority rights for ethnic Serbs and promised autonomy for communities where Kosova Serbs lived. Crimea’s regional parliament makes no such assurance. Muslim Turkic Tartars have a well-grounded fear of expulsions and ethnic cleansing, given their history of persecution by Russia.

Kosova’s independence ensued after a long process of international mediation, under management by the UN, which enforced strict criteria. Crimea’s annexation is being engineered by a foreign power — Russia.

NATO, a multilateral alliance, intervened so that Kosovars could realize their dream of independence. Masked Special Forces from Russia are creating conditions to justify Crimea’s annexation by Russia. An international Contact Group facilitated Kosova’s path to independence. There is no international support for Crimea’s referendum, or its annexation by Russia.

To address the Crimea crisis, Moscow has rejected a contact group comprised of Russia, Ukraine, Britain, France, and the United States.

Kosova welcomed the UN’s engagement. Russian-backed thugs in Crimea physically threatened the UN special representative and expelled a delegation led by the OSCE’s High Commissioner on National Minorities.

The process by which Kosova attained independence was an affirmation of international order. Russia’s naked land-grab in Crimea is a violation of international norms. The UN Charter enshrines “peaceful and good neighborly relations” between States.

Russia would be well advised to abandon its provocative policy toward Ukraine. It may achieve short-term objectives, but risks becoming a pariah in contempt for international law.

(Read the article here in the Eastern European Review on Contemporary Issues.)